Pressure–Resilience Dynamics of Land Systems under Intensified Anthropogenic Load: A Spatial Assessment Framework for Sustainable Land Management

Intensified anthropogenic pressure and industrial disturbance increasingly alter land systems by modifying land-use structure, degrading soil–water interactions, and reducing ecosystem service capacity. These processes challenge conventional environmental assessment approaches, particularly where monitoring systems are fragmented or incomplete. This study develops a spatial land-system assessment framework based on pressure–resilience dynamics to evaluate regional differentiation of environmental risks. Technogenic pressure is conceptualized as a composite indicator reflecting land-use intensity, industrial load, and contamination affecting soil, water, and atmospheric components. Ecosystem resilience represents the integrated buffering capacity of atmosphere–hydrosphere–pedosphere–biota subsystems within regional land systems. Anthropo-ecological risk is formalized as an interaction term, enabling differentiation of territories with comparable land-use pressure but contrasting adaptive capacity. A radiological dimension is included to capture spatial variability associated with legacy contamination and nuclear infrastructure. Using open-access national geospatial datasets, the framework integrates normalized environmental indicators within a unified spatial workflow. Principal component and cluster analyses identify four land-system typologies: high-pressure low-resilience industrial systems; transitional systems with moderate buffering capacity; radiological–mixed risk systems; and stable–resilient systems with low pressure and strong ecological buffering potential. The dominant spatial gradient is governed by pressure–resilience interaction, while radiological risk represents a partially independent dimension. The findings demonstrate that land-system vulnerability cannot be inferred from land-use intensity alone but emerges from structured interactions between anthropogenic pressure and ecosystem resilience. The proposed framework advances land system science by formalizing pressure–resilience dynamics as a core analytical principle and provides a transparent screening-level tool for spatial planning, sustainable land management, and resilience-oriented regional development under conditions of environmental stress and data uncertainty.