Risk Factors of Motorcycle Accidents and Their Contribution to Trauma in Ndola, Zambia

Introduction Motorcycle accidents represent a growing public health challenge in Zambia, particularly in urban centers such as Ndola where motorcycles are widely used for informal transport and delivery services. These crashes contribute significantly to trauma-related morbidity and mortality, especially among young male riders. Despite their increasing burden, motorcycle-related injuries remain underrepresented in national health policy and research. Method This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional design, analyzing hospital records of 157 patients treated for motorcycle-related injuries between January 2023 and December 2025. Data were collected on demographics, accident details, injury types, and clinical outcomes. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 25 included descriptive measures, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to identify associations between risk factors and trauma outcomes. Results Findings revealed alarmingly low helmet use (14.6%), high rates of alcohol involvement (40%), and speeding (34%), all significantly associated with increased injury severity and mortality. Licensing compliance was poor, with 83% of riders and 89% of motorcycles unlicensed. Accidents occurred predominantly in the evening (61%), coinciding with reduced visibility and peak transport activity. Injury patterns were dominated by fractures (38%) and head injuries (26%), with lower limbs (41%) and head (29%) most affected. Severity analysis showed that 53% of cases were moderate to severe trauma, with non-helmeted riders disproportionately sustaining head injuries (p < 0.001). Clinical outcomes included an average hospital stay of 7.2 days, 68% recovery, 25% referral for specialized care, and 6.4% mortality. Complications such as permanent disability (18%), infections (11%), and amputations (4%) were common, with 63% of patients requiring follow-up. Poor road conditions and substance use were significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization and adverse outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including stricter enforcement of helmet laws, rider licensing, alcohol control measures, and infrastructure improvements. Evidence generated will inform trauma care strategies and public health planning, contributing to Zambia’s efforts to reduce road traffic injuries in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3.6.