Change Detection and Dynamics of Dom Palm (Hyphaene thebaica) Forests of Dryland in Northern Sudan

Dryland forests dominated by Dom palm ( Hyphaene thebaica ) in northern Sudan are increasingly threatened by human activities, climate variability, and invasive species. This study aimed to evaluate long-term forest dynamics, identify degradation drivers, and assess community-based management approaches in Umbashim, Helgi, and Gaili forest reserves. Multi-temporal satellite imagery from 1988 to 2025, combined with field observations and household surveys, was used to analyze land cover changes, species composition, and local perceptions. Results revealed clear differences in forests conditions among sites: Umbashim maintained high ecological stability, with over 68% of Dom palm cover retained through natural regeneration and community protection; In contrary, Gaili showed severe degradation, with Mesquite ( Prosopis spp.) replacing more than 40% of Dom palm cover due to weak governance and overharvesting; Helgi exhibited a transitional state, with native and invasive species coexisting under moderate recovery. Climate analysis indicated substantial interannual rainfall variability and sustained increases in minimum and maximum temperatures, intensifying stress on native vegetation and limiting regeneration. Communities highlighted livelihood-oriented strategies, including handicraft development, local associations, and participatory forest management, as essential for sustainable recovery. The study underscores the need for integrated ecological and socio-economic interventions to enhance resilience, control invasives, and ensure the long-term sustainability of Dom palm forests in Sudan’s dryland ecosystems.