Response Surface Optimization of Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) Degumming and Oil Quality Parameters Using Fermented Cassava Water

Palm kernel oil refining requires efficient degumming to remove phospholipids that negatively impact oil quality and stability. The optimization of phospholipids removal and oil quality parameters with three factors: FCW concentration (0.05–0.15 w/w), temperature (80–100°C), and reaction time (10–20 minutes) was studied using CCD of Response Surface Methodology. The phospholipids content after degumming ranged from 8.58–42.62 mg/g, while acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and saponification value also showed variations across experiments. Linear models were obtained for all responses and a significant lack of fit for phospholipids content and limited predictive power for most quality parameters were obtained. Experimental optimization identified optimal conditions at FCW concentration of 0.15 w/w, temperature of 80°C, and time of 10 minutes, achieving a validated phospholipids content of 7.73 mg/g (59.3% removal). The study demonstrates that FCW is an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly agent for degumming CPKO.