Temporal Resistance Gravity: A Scalar FieldFramework Unifying Weak-Field Relativity andQuantum Phenomena Without Fitted Parameters

We propose that gravity arises from temporal resistance rather than spacetimecurvature. Starting from the postulate dτ/dt = √1 − Ψ where Ψ is a scalar field, wederive—without fitted parameters—the perihelion advance formula, light deflection,Shapiro delay, and all time dilation effects. The framework reproduces every testedprediction of General Relativity in weak fields while offering a physical mechanismabsent in geometric approaches. We show that the Schwarzschild metric emergesnaturally from our temporal resistance postulate when combined with empiricalconstraints, establishing mathematical equivalence in vacuum while maintainingontological distinction. Critically, temporal resistance predicts latitude-dependentvelocity anomalies during Earth flybys of the form observed by Anderson et al.(2008) but unexplained by GR. The scalar field structure provides a natural bridgeto quantum mechanics: the Schr¨odinger equation emerges from the same actionprinciple, and “particles” are Ψ-field oscillations quantized by ℏ. This offers aresolution to the century-old quantum gravity problem by treating geometry asemergent rather than fundamental. While tensor extensions are needed for framedragging and strong-field dynamics, this work establishes temporal compression asa complete alternative to spacetime curvature in the tested regime, with clear pathsto both strong-field and quantum extensions