Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in the Al Zuhrah district, Al-Hodeidah Government, Yemen, 2022

Background Asymptomatic malaria represents a significant health issue, especially in endemic regions where asymptomatic individuals serve as reservoirs. In Yemen, the Al-Hodeidah governorate is the primary endemic area. This study aims to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in Al-Zuhra District, Al-Hodeidah Governorate. Methods A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted using a multistage sampling method with probability proportional to size to select villages and households. In each household, one eligible member who had not experienced malaria symptoms and had consented to participate was randomly selected. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and blood samples were tested for malaria using the Rapid Diagnostic Test. Logistic regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence odds ratios (APOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 422 participants (mean age of 35.7 ± 11 years; 47% were male, and 62% were from a family with more than five members) were enrolled. The overall prevalence of symptomatic malaria was 5%, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for 95% of infections. Absence of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) in homes (APOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-5.9, P = 0.04), absence of window screens (APOR 7.3, 95% CI 1.8–29.1, P = 0.001), not using ITN (APOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–6.7, P = 0.02), and living near stagnant water (APOR 5.7, 95% CI 1.9–16.9, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria. Conclusion asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in Al-Zuhra District; however, the absence of or unimplemented mosquito control measures was the associated factor. To reduce malaria infection, community participation in malaria control, including increased awareness and ITN use and environmental management, is recommended.