Sublethal Disulfide Stress Facilitates TLR2-Dependent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis in THP-1 Cells

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that activate caspase-1, which in turn cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD) into its mature form, leading to pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of regulated necrosis. It has been reported that bacterial lipopeptides (BLPs) trigger pyroptosis through NLRP7 inflammasome activation. However, the underlying recognition mechanism remains entirely unclear, and the concept of BLP sensing by NLRP7 has not been well established. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism by which BLPs induce inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in THP-1 cells, a human acute myeloid leukemia cell line. Through comprehensive analyses, we demonstrate that BLPs induce GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis not via the NLRP7 inflammasome, but through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome without the need for additional stimuli. Addition of KCl to the culture medium significantly suppressed BLP-induced pyroptosis, suggesting that K⁺ efflux is required for inflammasome activation by BLPs. However, BLPs alone are generally thought to be insufficient to directly induce K+ efflux, prompting us to hypothesize that K+ efflux might result from sublethal membrane damage associated with a distinct cell death mechanism. Among several cell death inhibitors tested, DTT, an inhibitor of disulfidptosis, which is necrotic cell death caused by excessive disulfide bonding in the actin cytoskeleton, markedly attenuated BLP-induced pyroptosis. Consistent with this, BLP stimulation led to NADPH depletion and increased disulfide bond formation in β-actin, hallmarks of disulfidptosis. These findings suggest that disulfide stress contributes to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis triggered by BLPs in THP-1 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report linking disulfidptosis-associated disulfide stress to innate immune signaling, providing a conceptual framework for exploiting pyroptosis induction in leukemia cells.