In-vivoAnalgesic, Diuretic, Anti-diarrheal and in-vitroAnti-microbial activity study of the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus reticulatus fruits

Background Phyllanthus reticulatus commonly known as Pancoli. It is used as a traditional medicinal with properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-HIV-1. Methods Analgesic activity was determined by the acetic acid writhing test and the diuretic activity was assessed in albino mice by measuring urine volume and electrolyte excretion over 24 hours following oral administration. The anti-diarrheal effect was evaluated using the castor oil-induced model, and antimicrobial activity was tested through the disc diffusion method. Results In the analgesic assay, the PRFEE at a dose of 300 mg/kg showed the highest inhibition (89%, 1.50 ± 0.50 writhes, P < 0.001). The diuretic activity assessment indicated a substantial increase in urine output with a dose of 500 mg/kg producing 2.50 ± 0.289 ml of urine (P < 0.001). Additionally, this dose significantly enhanced sodium (133.16 ± 8.186 mmol/L, P < 0.001), Potassium (87.25 ± 3.792 mmol/L, P < 0.001), and chloride (106.79 ± 4.49 mmol/L, P < 0.001) excretion. In the anti-diarrheal study, PRFEE 500 mg/kg achieved 81.82% inhibition reducing stool count to 1 ± 0.408 (P < 0.001), demonstrating strong efficacy. The antimicrobial activity showed a Potent inhibitory effect with a dose of 750 mg/mL, exhibiting inhibition zones of 17 mm ( Escherichia coli ), 15 mm ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and 19 mm ( Staphylococcus aureus ), comparable to those of kanamycin (16–19 mm). Conclusion The PRFEE exhibited significant Pharmacological effects across all evaluated Parameters.