Virtual Reality-Based Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review of Sensory Design and Attentional Control

Purpose of Review Mindfulness meditation is widely recognized for its benefits in stress reduction and attentional regulation, yet many practitioners face barriers of distraction and disengagement. Virtual reality (VR) provides immersive, multisensory environments that may enhance mindfulness by anchoring attention and reducing external interference. This systematic review synthesizes empirical studies examining VR-supported mindfulness interventions with a specific focus on sensory design, visual aesthetics, and attentional outcomes. Recent Findings A synthesis of 15 empirical studies and supplemental references reveals that VR mindfulness programs commonly employ nature-based visuals, ambient soundscapes, breathing guides, and occasional multisensory or embodied features across diverse populations, including adolescents, clinical patients, and healthy adults. Evidence indicates that these design elements improve state mindfulness, emotional regulation, and user engagement, although challenges remain regarding long-term efficacy and cybersickness. Comparisons with traditional audio- or video-based mindfulness suggest that VR offers equal or greater short-term attentional benefits and stronger user appeal. Summary This review highlights interdisciplinary contributions from design, psychology, and immersive technology, providing practical guidelines for optimizing VR mindfulness environments. While VR demonstrates potential as a powerful tool for attentional regulation, future research should employ larger trials and component analyses to clarify effective design mechanisms and sustainable outcomes.