Composite Membranes Based on Biochar Nanoparticles for Efficient Removal of Lead Ions from Wastewater

This study introduces a novel approach for the removal of Pb (II) from wastewater using a composite membrane enhanced with bio-based nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were synthesized via a low-cost, eco-friendly method and incorporated onto a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane surface. The resulting membrane demonstrated a high Pb (II) removal efficiency of up to 95.5%, attributed to its mesoporous structure and high BET surface area (312.6 m²/g), which facilitated efficient adsorption. Key operational parameters—including pH, contact time, and initial metal concentration were systematically optimized, with maximum adsorption observed at pH 5 and an optimal contact time of 120 minutes. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and zeta potential analysis confirmed the successful integration and functionality of the biochar nanoparticles. The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. Additionally, the membrane exhibited favorable water flux, low fouling potential, and partial regeneration capacity. These findings support the potential application of biochar nanoparticle-based membranes as a sustainable, cost-effective solution for heavy metal removal in water treatment systems. This study presents a cost-effective and sustainable approach for Pb (II) removal using biochar nanoparticle-based composite membranes, offering promising potential for scalable environmental remediation in real-world water treatment applications.