Ethnography of Establishing and Maintaining Gendered Roles and Norms in Learning Speaking at Dire Dawa University

This study examined the assumptions, perceptions, and established norms that shape peer interaction in spoken-language classes at Dire Dawa University. Data were gathered through field notes and unstructured interviews. Using thematic analysis, the findings were organized into four major themes. First, some participants believed that certain traits and behaviors of males and females are innate and biologically determined. Second, males were widely viewed as more capable in specific types of work, reinforcing the misconception that certain jobs are inherently “for men” while others are “for women.” Third, even when women hold leadership roles, the prevailing norm continues to position leadership as primarily male. Finally, in male-dominated fields, men’s achievements are often praised, whereas women’s successes in the same fields are judged negatively. Overall, these misconceptions and assumptions contribute significantly to the formation and continuation of gender bias.