Characteristics of pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background : The coexistence of HIV/AIDS and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy creates unique challenges that elevate the risk of adverse outcomes for both mothers and newborns. Understanding the characteristics of women living with both conditions is crucial for developing targeted nursing interventions and enhancing antenatal care. Objective: This study aims to describe the demographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics of pregnant women living with both HIV/AIDS and GDM in the Chris Hani District. Methods : A quantitative research approach was employed, utilising a cross-sectional descriptive design within a pilot study framework. The study was conducted in two selected hospitals in the Chris Hani District of the Eastern Cape Province, including 45 purposively selected pregnant women diagnosed with both HIV/AIDS and GDM. Data were collected using a WHO STEPwise questionnaire and analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 31.0 to identify correlations between participant characteristics and the incidences of GDM and HIV/AIDS. Results: The study examined factors affecting immune function in HIV-positive women. It found that moderate sports participation, blood pressure awareness, and blood pressure medication use were linked to improved CD4 counts, indicating enhanced immune function. However, no significant associations were noted between lifestyle factors, transportation modes, or blood pressure status and antiretroviral (ARV) complications or viral load, likely due to limited sample sizes and missing data. Diabetes emerged as the most common ARV complication across all groups. These findings highlight the importance of moderate physical activity and chronic disease management in supporting the immune health of women living with HIV. Conclusion : Women with HIV/AIDS in this study, particularly those aged 26 to 35, were more likely to develop GDM. The use of blood pressure medications and elevated viral loads was associated with increased metabolic risk. These results underscore the need for early screening, consistent monitoring, and integrated care to address both HIV and GDM, ultimately enhancing outcomes for mothers and their babies.