Prevalence and Predictors of Anemia Among Preschool Children in Aqaba, Jordan: Evidence from a Comprehensive Health Center

Background Anemia is a global public health problem. Childhood anemia is associated with detrimental effects on growth and development and increased morbidity and mortality. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and assess factors associated with anemia among children aged 9-59 months in Aqaba, Jordan, and compare findings with national data. Methods This facility-based cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed de-identified secondary data in the Hakeem electronic health record and the center’s quality-improvement database at a comprehensive center in Aqaba, Jordan, between May 2024 and January 2025. During this period, a quality improvement project aimed to monitor and improve anemia screening, ultimately enhancing child health aged 9 months to 59 months. Hemoglobin results and demographic variables were extracted from existing records of the quality improvement project. Classification of anemia was according to the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds. We used Descriptive statistics to summarize demographic data, and CHI-square tests and binary logistic regression to assess associations between anemia status, age, and sex. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Out of the total of 1005 children included in the study, 497 (49.5%) were males, and 508 (50.5%) were females. Of the 497 males, 63 (12.7%) were anemic. Of the 508 females, 44 (8.7%) were anemic. The average age was 16.4 ± 9.2 months, and the average hemoglobin (Hb) level was 12.0 ± 0.9 g/dL. Male sex independently predicted anemia (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.02–2.29, p = 0.041). Conclusion The prevalence of anemia among children below the age of 5 years is notably lower than national estimates, suggesting potential benefits from improved health coverage, dietary fortification, and integrated supplemental programs. However, the higher risk among male children warrants targeted preventive strategies. Continued surveillance and prompt intervention remain essential to sustain and further reduce childhood anemia in Jordan.