Associations between pan-immune-inflammation value and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study

Background The pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is a novel biomarker that provides a quantitative measure of the overall immune-inflammatory state in the body. Its prognostic value has been extensively validated in a variety of clinical contexts. However, its specific role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still not fully understood and requires additional research. Methods This study examines the relationship between PIV and CVD prevalence using information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).This analysis included 49305 adults from NHANES 2003–2023. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the correlation between CVD prevalence and PIV in all participants.Piecewise linear regression analyses were additionally employed to explore the correlation between PIV and CVD.Subgroup analyses were performed to further clarify the effects of other covariates on the associations. Results This study recruited a total of 49,305 adults.Elevated PIV levels were significantly associated with increased CVD prevalence (P < 0.001). In fully adjusted model, individuals in the highest Ln-PIV quartile had a 27% higher odds of CVD prevalence compared to those in the lowest quartile [OR=1.27,95 %CI(1.16，1.39), P <0.01]. Smoothed curve fitting and threshold effect analyses also showed a positive association between Ln-PIV and CVD, with an inflection point for threshold and saturation effects of 5.49. Ln-PIV was positively associated with the likelihood of developing CVD when Ln-PIV > 5.49 [OR 1.23 , 95 %CI(1.06, 1.41) , P <0.01]. The results of subgroup analyses and interaction tests indicated that BMI status had a significant effect on the relationship between PIV and CVD (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our study reveals a positive association between PIV levels and CVD, suggesting that higher PIV levels are associated with an increased likelihood of developing CVD.