Sexual Function of Women During Breastfeeding: Exploring Roles, Challenges, and Consequences – A Systematic Review

Introduction:Sexual function during breastfeeding is considered one of the significant challenges in women's public health and sexual well-being. Hormonal, physical, and psychological changes during this period can have diverse effects on women's sexual function. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of breastfeeding on sexual function and the factors influencing it.Methods:To identify relevant studies, a comprehensive search was conducted in Persian databases such as SID and MAGIRAN, and international databases including Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2010 and 2025 were considered. Both quantitative and qualitative studies that investigated the effects of breastfeeding on sexual function, as well as the psychological, emotional, physical disorders, and quality of life during breastfeeding, were included. Studies with irrelevant content, conference papers, and letters to the editor were excluded. After quality assessment using the NICE checklist and a thorough screening process, selected articles were used for data extraction.Results:The results revealed that breastfeeding generally has negative effects on sexual function, including decreased libido, vaginal dryness, and pain during intercourse. Increased prolactin levels, particularly in the early months postpartum, reduce estrogen production, leading to sexual dysfunction. In addition to physical issues, breastfeeding women sometimes face anxiety and depression, which can negatively affect marital relationships. However, some studies reported that breastfeeding could enhance emotional bonding with the partner and increase sexual satisfaction in women.Conclusion:Breastfeeding generally has negative effects on women's sexual function; however, these effects are influenced by various factors, including social support and psychological status. Educational and counseling programs can help women manage their sexual issues during breastfeeding and improve the quality of their marital relationships. Systematic review registration: ) PROSPERO: CRD42025637151)