The Effects of Flywheel Resistance Training on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background In contemporary elite sport, escalating physical demands require time-efficient strategies that transfer to competition. Flywheel resistance training (FRT)—an iso-inertial modality delivering eccentric overload—may elicit superior neuromuscular adaptations versus gravity-dependent methods. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effects of FRT versus non-flywheel comparators (e.g., traditional resistance training) on athletes’ physical performance. Methods Six databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Academic Search Ultimate) were searched through August 26, 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were pooled using random-effects (REML) meta-analysis. Outcomes were synthesized as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Study-level risk of bias and certainty of evidence were appraised with the revised Cochrane tool (RoB 2) and GRADE, respectively. Publication bias was examined where k ≥ 10. Results Thirty-four RCTs including 879 athletes met the criteria. One study showed low risk of bias, two high risk, and thirty-one some concerns. Compared with controls, FRT significantly improved strength (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI 0.37–0.76, p < 0.001, I²=50%), explosive power (SMD = 0.56, 0.45–0.68, p < 0.001, I²=31%), speed (SMD = − 0.48, − 0.71 to − 0.25, p < 0.001, I²=42%), agility (SMD = − 0.80, − 1.05 to − 0.55, p < 0.001, I²=60%), endurance (SMD = 0.55, 0.29–0.81, p < 0.001, I²=38%), balance (SMD = 0.85, 0.38–1.32, p = 0.003, I²=52%), and sport-specific performance (SMD = 0.57, 0.32–0.82, p < 0.001, I²=10%). Conclusion FRT is an effective and comprehensive modality to enhance multiple dimensions of athletic performance. Future trials should refine dose–response prescriptions, evaluate long-term adaptations, and examine injury-risk outcomes across diverse athlete populations.