Seasonal Occurrence and Damage Assessment of Key Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in South-south Nigeria

Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is a vital vegetable crop in tropical regions, yet its productivity is severely constrained by pest attacks. This two-year field survey was conducted across three locations in Abak, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, to investigate the seasonal occurrence , incidence, and impact of insect and non-insect pests on Yar-Balle and an improved variety (Yelle) of okra. Insects were collected and identified across different growth stages, and pests were grouped into their respective orders and families. A high diversity of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera larvae (including Sylepta derogata , Anomis flavus , Earias spp. and Helicoverpa armigera ), and hemipteran bugs were recorded, predominantly damaging okra leaves and fruits with an average infestation rate that is statistically s ignificant at p \(\:\le\:\) 0.005. Additionally, a significant incidence of gastropods (garden snails) was observed, causing foliar damage with an estimated severity of 40–65% in some plots. Pest populations and damage levels were consistently higher throughout the plant growth stages, with notable variations among the surveyed locations. Findings from this study highlight the need for integrated pest management strategies addressing both insect and non-insect pests across seasons to ensure sustainable okra production in South-south Nigeria.