Knowledge and attitudes about HPV infection and prevention methods among medical students in Yemen: a national cross- sectional study

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and the primary cause of cervical cancer, as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. Despite proven effectiveness of vaccination, no national HPV immunization program exists in Yemen. Understanding medical students’ knowledge and attitudes is crucial, as they represent future healthcare providers and advocates. Methods A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from 1 May to 30 July 2025 among undergraduate medical students across Yemen. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered online questionnaire adapted from validated instruments and reviewed by public health experts for contextual relevance. The survey assessed demographics, vaccination history, sources of information, knowledge (11 items; score range 0–11), and attitudes toward HPV vaccination. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Results A total of 2,285 students participated. Although 98.2% had heard of HPV, only 25.8% demonstrated good knowledge, with a median score of 4.0 (IQR 2.0–6.0). Misconceptions were common: only 58.8% recognized the association with multiple cancers, 49.0% identified HPV as the cause of genital warts, and 38.1% were aware that infection may be asymptomatic. In contrast, 58.5% expressed positive attitudes toward vaccination; 72.6% would recommend it to patients and 74.7% to family or friends, but only 56.3% supported nationwide introduction. The most cited barriers to vaccination were lack of knowledge (35.8%) and insufficient governmental support (34.9%). Independent predictors of good knowledge included male gender (AOR = 1.39), rural background (AOR = 1.96), being in the sixth study year (AOR = 1.43), and first hearing about HPV from doctors (AOR = 1.26). Positive attitudes were more likely among males (AOR = 1.50) and those with good knowledge (AOR = 2.41). Conclusion Yemeni medical students showed moderate knowledge but generally favorable attitudes toward HPV vaccination. These findings highlight the need for structured HPV education in medical curricula and underscore the importance of governmental support to facilitate future vaccine introduction in Yemen.