Understanding the Drivers and Impacts of Smart Manufacturing Information Systems Application in the Manufacturing Sector: Evidence from a Mixed-Methods Approach

To advance organizational flexibility and adaptability in the era of digital transformation, this study investigates the application of Smart Manufacturing Information Systems (SMIS) through the lens of the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, we first conducted semi-structured interviews with senior managers and integrated insights from the literature to develop a robust survey instrument. Data were collected from 83 medium- and large-sized Taiwanese manufacturing firms that had already implemented SMIS. The study examines critical antecedents to assess their influence on SMIS application. SMIS utilization is conceptualized as a multi-dimensional capability, and its impact is evaluated across four key performance outcomes: production efficiency, product quality, cost control, and market competitiveness. Using structural equation modeling with SmartPLS, the results reveal that employee digital skills, top management support, and external pressure significantly enhance SMIS application, which in turn leads to improvements across all performance dimensions. This study contributes to the flexible systems management literature by embedding flexibility-oriented constructs within the TOE framework and demonstrating how SMIS can serve as a strategic enabler of organizational agility and resilience. Practical implications are offered for managers seeking to navigate digital disruption through context-aware and capability-driven system deployment.