Realism and Effectiveness of a Simulator Based on Realistic Gastric Morphology and Its Value in Training Novice Endoscopists

Traditional apprenticeship-based endoscopy training carries patient risk, while existing simulators have notable drawbacks. We developed a CT-derived, openable, 3D-printed gastric simulator that supports both diagnostic and therapeutic training, and evaluated its realism, validity, and educational impact for novices. Endoscopic procedures were recreated via modular tasks within the model. Thirty physicians of varying experience completed simulated operations; metrics included task time, errors, and 7-point Likert ratings of realism and usability. Educational effectiveness was tested in 30 novice trainees randomized to simulator training (Group A) or traditional mentoring (Group B), each receiving 12 h. Outcomes were operation time, DOPS scores across 14 domains, and 5-point Likert self-assessments. All endoscopists rated the simulator highly realistic, easy to use, low in physical/psychological burden, and motivating. Group A showed significantly higher subjective scores than Group B (P < 0.05), particularly for handling endoscopic instruments, clinical gastroscopy operations, understanding gastric anatomy, and confidence in examination. Our novel simulator can accurately replicate fundamental endoscopy techniques and effectively differentiate the varying levels of physician technical proficiency. Additionally, it offers advantages such as low cost, convenient and efficient operation, and reliability and safety, demonstrating a high potential for widespread adoption in gastroscopy teaching and training.