Undergraduate and postgraduate perceptions of a 3D-printed educational simulator for endodontic microsurgery: A cross-sectional study

Background Endodontic microsurgery requires precise psychomotor and cognitive skills, which are challenging to acquire through observational learning alone. Effective preclinical training models are crucial for structured skill acquisition. Methods A cost-effective 3D-printed educational simulator was developed to allow the practice of key endodontic microsurgery steps, including osteotomy, root resection, canal preparation, and suturing. Thirty-two dental students (18 endodontic postgraduate students and 14 final-year undergraduate students) performed surgeries on designated maxillary teeth using standard clinical instruments and microscopes. Student perceptions were evaluated via pre- and post-training questionnaires with a Likert scale. Results The simulator was well received overall, significantly improving the self-reported confidence and perceived competence of undergraduate students (Mann‒Whitney U test, p < 0.01). Postgraduates who were familiar with clinical procedures also reported positive experiences, albeit with fewer statistically significant improvements. Both groups indicated high overall satisfaction, acknowledging that the simulator is a valuable training tool despite its limitations in tactile realism, notably regarding gingival tissue. Conclusions This study demonstrates the educational effectiveness of a custom-made, 3D-printed simulator for endodontic microsurgery. Its versatility, affordability, and modularity support structured, incremental learning and standardized training. Such simulators may democratize access to high-quality surgical education and improve pedagogical outcomes across dental education programs.