Trade-offs or Synergies Among Ecosystem Services in National Parks? A Multi-scale Analysis of Huangshan National Park, China

National parks are important carriers of human ecological civilization construction, and the weighing and coordinated measurement of ecosystem services are important propositions for the ecological environment protection of national parks. We performed a comprehensive temporal and spatial assessment of changes in ecosystem services and identified the tradeoffs and synergies that exist among ecosystem services in Huangshan National Park core zone and buffer zone. The results show that the relationships among ecosystem services in the core zone (Huangshan scenic area) were mainly synergistic. In the buffer zone (surrounding towns), land use varied by township, and the ecosystem services in this zone showed different changes and relationships compared to those in the Huangshan scenic area from 2000 to 2023. This study provides empirical evidence that the development of tourism can promote the synergy of regional ecosystem services in National Park. In contrast, agriculture facilitates tradeoffs among regional ecosystem services. This indicates that agricultural activities in the buffer zones of national parks, including their methods, scale, and scope, should be restricted, while ecotourism should be encouraged to develop moderately.