Conceptual Framework for Finite Element Analysis of Brain–Electrode Interactions Using Open-Source Tools

The rapid development of brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies has heightened the need for computational tools that optimize neural implant design. Understanding the mechanical interactions between implanted electrodes and brain tissue is critical to ensuring both functionality and long-term biocompatibility. However, comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) head models are often resource-intensive, requiring high-resolution imaging, expensive commercial software, and significant computational infrastructure. These barriers restrict accessibility for many academic and clinical research groups. In this study, we present a feasible finite element methodology for analysing brain–electrode interface mechanics using simplified two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric models implemented in the open-source software FEBio. The model incorporates realistic literature-based material properties for gray matter, platinum electrodes, and polyimide substrates. Validation was performed using both Hertzian contact theory and experimental data on electrode insertion mechanics. Our results reveal peak von Mises stresses of ~12.3 kPa at electrode tips under physiological intracranial loading (2 kPa), and micromotion amplitudes of 2.8 μm during simulated cardiac cycles. The methodology demonstrates that simplified, resource-efficient FE models can capture key mechanical behaviours at the brain–electrode interface, providing actionable design insights for electrode geometry, material selection, and surgical strategies. By democratizing access to computational neuroscience methods, this framework supports iterative design optimization, collaborative research, and reproducible open science.