Impact of Composite Carbon Policies on Optimal Supply Chain Decisions and Optimization: A Study Based on Stackelberg Game

This study constructs a Stackelberg game model of a two-tier supply chain (manufacturer-retailer), endogenizing consumer eco-consciousness into the demand function to holistically examine carbon tax, carbon quota trading, government subsidies, and stochastic demand. It analyzes pricing and emission-reduction decisions under two power structures, deriving equilibrium solutions via backward induction. The key findings of the paper includes : (1) Consumer green preference is pivotal for supply chain decarbonization.(2) Government subsidies incentivize green technology investment, but their efficacy depends on multi-factor synergy, necessitating dynamic policy calibration.(3) Power structures affect profit distribution and emission efficiency, and cost-sharing contracts can coordinate policy impacts.The research provides a theoretical framework for low-carbon supply chain management under multi-policy synergy, recommending governments adopt differentiated carbon policies while firms align green investments with market demand for win-win economic-environmental outcomes.