Understanding parental demand for early childcare in low-fertility China: A cross-sectional study of children aged 0–3 years in Huzhou

This study investigates the supply-demand dynamics and influencing factors of childcare services for children aged 0–3 in Huzhou, a model city for childcare reform in eastern China. A cross-sectional survey of 1,754 families was conducted, and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of service utilization. The childcare enrollment rate reached 26.68%, notably higher than the national average of 7.86%. Among non-users, 51.79% reported potential demand. Key determinants of enrollment included maternal education, employment stability, and number of children. Parents prioritized institutional environment (82.37%), teacher qualifications (77.36%), and favored public centers (75.86%) over private and home-based options. Safety and supervision concerns were the main barriers, with 77.51% citing health risks. Cost was less limiting, as 83.52% accepted fees ≤ 3000 CNY/month. The findings highlight early gains from national childcare policies but also reveal critical gaps in safety regulation and public trust. Policy recommendations include expanding inclusive services, improving regulatory frameworks, and aligning service provision with family needs. This study provides timely evidence to guide high-quality, equitable childcare development in low-fertility settings.