Overview of HR Development and Performance of Health Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Studies on Health Workers in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed significant weaknesses in public health systems, particularly in terms of workforce preparedness and responsiveness. Among the many interventions to improve service quality, training remains a core element of human resource development; however, its direct impact on health worker performance remains controversial. Building on Human Capital Theory, this study investigates how training effectiveness contributes to health workers’ performance through the mediating roles of knowledge management and employee capacity.A quantitative survey was conducted among 202 health professionals in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM; AMOS). The results indicate that effective training is positively associated with performance both directly and indirectly. Knowledge management and employee capacity served as complementary mediators, with the latter perceived as being more critical by respondents. Significant causal pathways were identified among training, knowledge management, capacity building, and overall performance.These findings underscore the importance of integrating knowledge-sharing mechanisms and capacity development into training frameworks, particularly in post-crisis recovery. This study offers insights into the strategic value of intangible assets for workforce resilience in developing countries’ health systems and provides evidence to support more adaptive and learning-oriented HR policies in healthcare.