Occupational Dermatological Risks from Bioactive Compounds in Catha edulis (Khat): A GC-MS and Cross-Sectional Study in Embu County, Kenya

Catha edulis (khat) is a psychostimulant plant widely cultivated in Eastern Africa, notably valued for its economic contribution. While its primary alkaloids—cathinone and cathine—are well-documented, limited research exists on its broader chemical profile and associated occupational health risks. This study aimed to characterize the chemical constituents of C. edulis cultivated in Embu County, Kenya, and assess potential dermatological impacts on smallholder farmers. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified 30 bioactive compounds, including high levels of terpenes such as 2-Carene (12.3 μg/g) and 4-Terpinenyl Acetate. A cross-sectional survey of 250 khat harvesters revealed that 68% reported recurrent skin conditions, with these compounds implicated as potential irritants. Statistical correlation suggests a probable link between terpene exposure and the reported dermatological symptoms. The findings highlight a gap in occupational health protections within informal agricultural economies. We recommend integrating khat under Kenya’s narcotics control framework, not for prohibition, but to facilitate policy interventions mandating personal protective equipment (PPE) use and community-led health training programs. These measures align with Sustainable Development Goal 3, emphasizing healthy lives and well-being, particularly in underserved rural settings. This study provides a comprehensive phytochemical profile of Kenyan-grown khat, revealing overlooked public health trade-offs in stimulant crop systems. Addressing these risks is essential for balancing economic livelihoods with farmer health in the Kshs.5,000/acre khat economy. Our findings support the need for interdisciplinary approaches to agricultural policy, where crop value chains are structured with economic and health outcomes in mind.