The Challenges and Experiences of Young Ethiopian Female Migrants: A Study of Returnee Domestic Workers in the Middle East at Mekaneselam town: Amhara region

Migration is a global phenomenon shaped by economic, political, social, and cultural factors. This study explores the experiences and challenges of young Ethiopian female domestic workers in the Middle East, focusing on returnees in Mekaneselam Town. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, with participants selected via snowball and purposive sampling. Findings reveal that poverty, unemployment, and limited job opportunities are key drivers of migration, along with emotional distress and the influence of returning migrants. Migration occurs through both formal and informal routes, yet documented and undocumented migrants face similar challenges, including exploitation, abuse, discrimination, and lack of protection. Undocumented migrants often endure additional financial burdens due to debt-financed migration and experience severe physical and emotional hardship. Reintegration is hindered by limited support from families, government bodies, NGOs, and religious institutions, often due to poor coordination and resource constraints. Brokers and embassies—both legal and illegal—play a significant role in enabling abuse and neglect. The study recommends coordinated action from stakeholders to improve migrant protection, hold brokers accountable, and raise public awareness through media about the risks and realities of migration. These findings highlight the urgent need for stronger policy interventions to safeguard female migrants throughout the migration cycle.