The Challenges and Experiences of Young Ethiopian Female Emigrants: A study of Returnee Domestic Workers in the Middle East at Mekaneselam Town, Amhara Region.

Migration is a global phenomenon influenced by economic, political, social, and cultural factors. This study investigates the lived experiences and challenges of young Ethiopian female domestic workers in the Middle East, with a focus on returnees in Mekaneselam Town. Employing a qualitative research design, data were gathered through in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, using snowball and purposive sampling techniques. The findings indicate that poverty, unemployment, and limited job opportunities are primary drivers of migration, alongside emotional distress and the influence of previously returned migrants. Migration occurs through both formal and informal channels; however, both documented and undocumented migrants face similar challenges, including exploitation, abuse, discrimination, and inadequate protection. Undocumented migrants, in particular, experience additional financial burdens due to debt-financed migration, as well as more severe physical and emotional hardships. Reintegration upon return is often obstructed by inadequate support from families, government agencies, NGOs, and religious institutions—largely due to poor coordination and limited resources. Both legal and illegal brokers, as well as embassies, play significant roles in enabling abuse and neglect. The study recommends coordinated efforts among stakeholders to enhance migrant protection, ensure broker accountability, and increase public awareness—particularly through media—about the risks and realities of migration. These findings underscore the urgent need for robust policy interventions to protect female migrants across all stages of the migration cycle.