A Vibrational Model of Time in Extreme Regimes: Scalar Coupling, Observational Signatures and Cosmological Implications

This paper proposes a conceptual and formal expansion of the Vibrational Time Theory (VTT), reinterpreting time as an emergent frequency generated by the interaction between electromagnetic fields and the curvature of space-time. Unlike the original formulation, which used a fixed coupling parameter β, this study introduces a new modeling based on a dynamic scalar field ϕ, derived from first principles and inspired by conformal coupling approaches. With this, vibrational time becomes dependent on a triad of fundamental factors: gravitational curvature, the energy of light, and the scalar state of the universe, such that β(ϕ) = ϕ2/Mp. Computational simulations were conducted in different astrophysical environments (white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes) and across various spectral energy regimes (UV, visible, and CMB). The results indicate a temporal modulation pattern consistent with the hypothesis of vibrational layers of time and reveal a possible residual spectral signature Δλ that could be detected in observations of quasars and gravitational lenses. The new formulation expands the testability of VTT, establishes connections with scalar field theories and quantum gravity, and provides a conceptually unified framework for treating time as an emergent property of the universe’s geometry and energy. The study concludes with cosmological implications, limitations in sub-Planckian regimes, and proposals for future theoretical and observational developments.