The origins and supply resilience of electronic nanomaterials in Europe

The growing frequency of global crises, from trade wars to export restrictions to logistical disruptions, have undermined the assumption that raw materials can be easily acquired through global trade. While policies such as the Critical Raw Materials Act address industrial needs, ensuring the scalability of frontier nanotechnologies now requires prioritising resilient, locally sourced materials and developing a clear understanding of trade-offs between performance and certainty of access. However, the resilience of European access to the relevant nanomaterials and their precursors is not well understood. This work introduces a Europe-focused supply resilience metric, R _E , which scores elements from hydrogen to bismuth based on geographic sourcing and recycling input rates, with materials that are fully sourced outside Europe obtaining the lowest scores and those that are produced domestically receiving the highest. We then extend R _E to a comprehensive range of compounds used across electrical components, battery electrodes, and photovoltaic solar cells. By correlating supply resilience with performance metrics such as mobility or theoretical capacity, this framework helps identify Europe-sourced alternatives to imported materials and underscores the need to improve recycling streams to recapture elements that are fully imported.