Variations of interleukin (IL) 1 Beta (IL 1 β) and interferon gamma (INF-Ɣ) in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Celiac Patients

Background Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by a noxious immune response to gluten in genetically susceptible persons. CD has a coincidence with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 diabetes, due to shared genetic risk factors and autoimmune mechanisms. Aim This study aims to test the levels of IFN-γ and IL-1β in diabetic and non-diabetic Celiac patients, and to explore the relationship between these cytokines and disease activity. Methods Eighty children with CD (diabetic and non-diabetic) were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of anti- tissue transglutaminase IgG (IgG-tTG) and IgA (IgA-tGA), IFN-γ and IL-1β were measured using ELISA, and statistical analysis was performed to compare the levels of these cytokines between the two groups. Results The results revealed significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-1β in diabetic celiac patients compared to non-diabetic ones. Females showed higher levels of these cytokines compared to males. Of note, a positive correlation was found between IL-1β and IFN-γ in diabetic celiac patients. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ and IL-1β in the pathogenesis and development of symptoms in CD, particularly in the context of comorbidities like diabetes mellitus. Understanding the inflammatory profile of CD in different metabolic contexts may support the management.