Distribution atlas of the key potential vectors for Trypanosoma evansi  (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Spain

Background : Hematophagous diptera can transmit a wide range of diseases to both humans and animals. Some species of the Trypanosoma genus rely on these vectors for transmission, either cyclically or mechanically. Trypanosoma evansi , the only trypanosome species of African origin detected in Spain to date, istransmitted mechanically. Methods : To assess the occurrence and distribution of potential mechanical vectors at the national level, a systematic review focused on the Hippoboscidae, Muscidae and Tabanidae families, was conducted. The methodology developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the PRISMA statement were followed, incorporating data from 43 peer-reviewed scientific publications and four digital citizen science databases. Results : The analysis identified three genera of the Hippoboscidae family, two of Muscidae family, and ten of Tabanidae family. Presence maps at the genus level were generated. Conclusions : This atlas serves as a valuable tool for the prevention and control of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Spain. However, further studies on the distribution and ecology of hematophagous dipterans are essential to better understand their role on disease transmission and their potential impact on disease outbreaks.