Identification of a novel pegivirus in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northeastern China

Background Pegiviruses (family Flaviviridae ), associated with persistent infections in diverse mammalian and avian hosts, are increasingly recognized for their zoonotic and evolutionary significance. Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ), semi-domesticated in northeastern China’s Greater Khingan Mountains, are critical reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens and face growing human contact due to tourism. This study aims to investigate the viral diversity in reindeer, identify potential viruses of public health or veterinary significance, and highlight the need for viral surveillance at the human-wildlife interface. Results The metagenomic sequencing analysis identified a novel pegivirus, Rangifer tarandus pegivirus (RPgV), in reindeer serum from Inner Mongolia. The near-complete genome (10,367 nucleotides; GenBank OQ164633) encodes a polyprotein (3,249 amino acids) processed into four structural (Y, E1, E2, X) and six non-structural (NS2–NS5B) proteins. RPgV shares 57.3% nucleotide and 60.6% amino acid identity with its closest relative, equine pegivirus (EPgV), but exceeds species demarcation thresholds for NS3 ( p -distance: 0.340) and NS5B ( p -distance: 0.408). Phylogenetic analyses placed RPgV within the equine pegivirus clade, while cophylogenetic models revealed strong host specificity and codivergence over evolutionary timescales. With a 9.5% prevalence (2/21) in sampled reindeer, RPgV represents the first pegivirus detected in Cervidae, underscoring its potential role in wildlife virome dynamics. Conclusion This study identified a novel pegivirus, which expands its host range, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity. This discovery highlights the need for enhanced surveillance of understudied viral families in regions where human-wildlife interfaces amplify zoonotic risks.