Schottky engineering of GDYO@Pt to boost piezoelectric and oxidative stress modulation for accelerated cranial regeneration

Piezoelectric stimulation regulates cellular metabolism and enhances bone repair. However, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypoxia-induced oxidative stress reduce the efficacy of electrical stimulation and hinder regeneration. To address these challenges, a platinum-decorated graphdiyne oxide (GDYO@Pt) multifunctional piezoelectric semiconductor was engineered for the first time to eliminate ROS and oxygen self-supply while enabling electrical stimulation. In this system, the interface dipole drives a built-in electric field, triggering charge redistribution in GDYO and breaking symmetry to amplify piezoelectricity. Ultrasound-triggered polarized charges at the Schottky junction lower the barrier and promote GDYO→Pt electron transfer for hydrogen production, where the generated H₂ neutralizes cytotoxic •OH radicals, while the holes/nanozyme-driven H₂O₂→O₂ conversion​, synergistically alleviating oxidative stress. In vitro and vivo studies demonstrate that ultrasound-activated GDYO@Pt accelerates cranial defect repair via osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. This work establishes the inaugural paradigm of piezoelectric-catalytic synergy bone regeneration, where the GDYO@Pt heterointerface uniquely integrates energy conversion with biological regulation through its precisely engineered asymmetric structure.