An In Vitro Study to Evaluate the Cytotoxicity of Different Concentrations of Nano-Graphene Oxide Incorporated into Polymethylmethacrylate

Objectives: This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of graphene oxide incorporated into polymethylmethacrylate resins at three different concentrations for dental applications. Material and Methods: Nano-graphene oxide was incorporated into heat-cured poly methyl methacrylate resin at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/w) concentrations. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay with NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Specimens were incubated for 24 hours, followed by MTT reagent exposure and optical density measurement at 450 nm. Cell viability percentages were calculated relative to pure polymethylmethacrylate controls. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance at p<0.05. Results: Significant differences in cell survival were observed among groups (p<0.0001). The 2% graphene oxide group showed significantly reduced viability (75.10±2.95%) compared to control (99.99±0.01%). The 1% graphene oxide group demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity (79.18±2.06%), while the 0.5% group maintained high viability (93.47±2.53%) comparable to control. Conclusions: Incorporation of 0.5% graphene oxide with polymethylmethacrylate appears safe, while higher concentrations may lead to cytotoxicity.