A Temporal Unified Model for Atmospheric Escape: Chronos Pressure as the Driver of Planetary Ambipolar Electric Fields

Recent measurements from NASA’s Endurance mission have confirmed the presence of a faint yet globally distributed electric field encircling Earth, identified as the ambipolar electric field. Despite its small magnitude of 0.55 volts, this persistent field facilitates the upward acceleration of atmospheric ions—particularly hydrogen—enabling escape beyond Earth’s gravitational pull. The origin of this phenomenon, long hypothesized but previously unquantified, has remained a subject of debate for decades. We present a recursive temporal force model that reproduces the observed ambipolar potential on Earth and offers a generalizable framework for other planetary systems. The proposed Chronos Pressure Field treats time as an energetic medium with definable density and pressure gradients. By modeling spatial derivatives of this temporal field, we derive an electric potential consistent with the measured 0.55 V, supporting its role as a natural consequence of time-structured energy distribution. This approach reframes atmospheric escape as a long-term, feedback-driven process rooted in temporal dynamics. It introduces a testable mechanism that aligns with empirical data and extends to comparative planetary environments, offering a new lens for evaluating atmospheric evolution and energy transport in low-density regimes.