Exploring Decarbonized Shipping Strategies: A Multidimensional Analysis Using the QFD-Based Method

Purpose – Global maritime trade has grown significantly, accompanied by a notable rise in greenhouse gas emissions—from 9.77 billion tonnes in 2012 to 10.76 billion tonnes in 2018, marking a 9.6% increase, as highlighted by the International Maritime Organization’s Fourth IMO GHG Study (2020). To counteract this trend, the IMO introduced the 2023 IMO GHG Strategy, which sets ambitious targets: reducing shipping carbon emissions by 20–30% by 2030 (with 5–10% reliance on near-zero-emission technologies), achieving a 70–80% reduction by 2040, and reaching net-zero emissions by 2050. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study examines empirical decarbonization strategies developed by liner shipping companies and policymakers. Drawing on comprehensive literature and incorporating expert insights from both academia and industry, the research utilizes a combination of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and multi-layer Quality Function Deployment (QFD). This integrated approach transforms decarbonization demands into targeted improvements in existing technological requirements. Findings – The results reveal that the most critical technological requirements for effective decarbonization are: 1. Developing more efficient, low‑carbon engines and propulsion systems; 2. Implementing alternative fuel propulsion technologies; and 3. Adopting renewable energy power solutions. These prioritized strategies provide actionable guidance to enhance the overall effectiveness of decarbonization initiatives in the maritime industry. Originality/Value – By merging quantitative analytical methods with expert opinions, this study presents a novel framework for improving decarbonization strategies in the maritime sector. The strategic recommendations are designed to refine current practices and support the transition to a more sustainable shipping industry.