Advancing Civil Engineering Education: A Systematic Review of Opportunities, Trends, Challenges, and Future Research Directions in Computer-Altered Reality Technologies

The increasing complexity of civil engineering demands innovative tools to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Computer-altered reality (CAR) technologies offer immersive environments that enhance learning outcomes. However, civil engineering education lags behind other disciplines in adopting these technologies. This study systematically reviewed 359 relevant studies from an initial pool of 1508 from 20214 to 2023 using a nine-step methodology involving keyword optimization, statistical analysis, and thematic mapping. The method employed was a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Key opportunities include improved visualization, increased engagement, and practical skill building, with 74% of studies reporting enhanced student performance. Trends reveal the growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) into CAR platforms, enabling adaptive learning. For instance, AI-driven AR overlays improve site inspection accuracy by 36%, while IoT-linked virtual reality (VR) provides dynamic, contextual training. Comparatively, while disciplines like mechanical and aerospace engineering leverage CAR for design and manufacturing simulations, civil engineering applications are more focused on virtual construction sites and structural analysis, reflecting unique characteristics. Significant challenges persist, including high implementation costs (68%), insufficient educator training (54%), and limited infrastructure (41%). Ethical and psychological considerations remain largely unaddressed, with 95% of studies overlooking privacy, cybersecurity, and long-term psychological impacts, such as VR-induced discomfort. These gaps present critical areas for future research to ensure responsible CAR integration. Future directions include cost-effective CAR solutions, improved educator training, interdisciplinary collaborations, and a focus on ethical and cybersecurity concerns. Addressing the long-term psychological impacts of CAR technologies also remains imperative.