Short and Long-Term Effects of Balneotherapy on Musculoskeletal Pain and Fatigue Associated with Stress

Background Balneotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for managing musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs), offering evidence-based benefits in reducing pain, enhancing mobility, and improving quality of life. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effects of balneotherapy on musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and associated symptoms in individuals experiencing stress. Methods A six-month randomized controlled parallel-group study was conducted at six medical spa centers in Lithuania, involving 373 patients with stress levels ≥ 3. Participants underwent 6–11 days outpatient or inpatient balneotherapy programs, with MSDs-related outcomes assessed at a six-month follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 28. Results Balneotherapy led to significant improvements in multiple parameters. Pain frequency and intensity decreased, with effect sizes ranging from small to large, accompanied by notable reductions in muscle spasms and tension. Spine mobility improved, pain medication use decreased, and hand strength increased following the 11-days medical spa treatment. Fatigue levels declined, while sleep quality and overall quality of life improved significantly, with effect sizes ranging from medium to large. Long-term benefits in muscle tension, spine mobility, fatigue, and quality of life were observed for up to six months. Comparative analysis indicated that balneotherapy was more effective than both non-treatment and nature-based therapy alone. Conclusion Balneotherapy, particularly when combined with nature-based interventions or inpatient approaches, effectively improves musculoskeletal health, with benefits lasting up to six months.