Routing Protocol for Improving the Performance of MANET Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Multi-Agent Systems

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are dynamic and decentralized wireless networks that face significant challenges due to frequent topology changes, energy constraints, and limited bandwidth. Traditional routing protocols like AODV and DSR often struggle under high mobility and traffic conditions, leading to degraded network performance. This paper proposes a hybrid routing protocol combining Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) to address these challenges. PSO optimizes global routing paths by exploring potential routes dynamically, while MAS enhances local adaptability and real-time decision-making. The proposed PSO-MAS protocol achieves improved Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), reduced energy consumption, and enhanced throughput. Extensive simulations under diverse scenarios demonstrate the protocol's superiority over existing methods, particularly in high-mobility and high-traffic environments. These results underscore the potential of the PSO-MAS approach to transform MANET routing for real-world applications.