The Role of Social Isolation in Shaping Hyperfocus in Adults with ADHD and/or ASD: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Hyperfocus (HF) is frequently observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While HF can enhance cognitive performance, it often disrupts daily functioning. This study assessed how pandemic-induced social isolation influenced HF intensity and frequency in adults with ASD, ADHD, or both conditions (ADHD&ASD), focusing on disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic access. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an adapted Adult Hyperfocus Questionnaire to collect HF scores from 342 adults with ASD, ADHD, or ADHD&ASD. Participants included those with formal diagnoses and self-reported neurodivergence, reflecting barriers to equitable diagnostic access. HF scores were compared between pre-isolation and during-isolation periods. Statistical analysis examined variations by neurodivergent condition, diagnostic status, and therapy participation. Sentiment analysis evaluated emotional responses to HF episodes. Results: Social isolation significantly increased HF across all groups (p < 0.001). Median HF scores rose from 68 to 72 (ADHD), 67 to 71 (ASD), and 68 to 70 (ADHD&ASD). No significant differences were observed between formally diagnosed and self-reported individuals or those in therapy, highlighting disparities in access to support. Sentiment analysis revealed predominantly positive emotions during HF but identified challenges like neglect of basic needs and systemic inequities. Conclusion: Social isolation amplified HF behaviours in neurodivergent adults. Disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic access emphasise the need for equity-focused interventions. Tailored strategies addressing environmental stressors and systemic barriers are crucial to supporting underserved neurodivergent populations, particularly during crises.