Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-colour monopixel array

Achieving vibrant, energy-efficient colour modulation across micrometre-scale pixels is a critical challenge in modern display technology. Conventional approaches face limitations in scalability, high operating voltages, and light loss. Emerging monopixel designs, which integrate active materials directly into the pixel, promise a path to dynamic colour modulation without these drawbacks. However, achieving uniform, energy-efficient colour modulation across the full-visible spectrum has remained difficult. Here, we introduce a full-colour, electrically reconfigurable Gires-Tournois (r-GT) resonator integrated with the conductive polymer (polyaniline, PANI), representing a significant advance in monopixel display technology. This system enables modulation of complex refractive indices across the visible spectrum within a sub-1-volt range, achieving vibrant colour shifts that exceed complementary hue ranges. The r-GT resonator operates at CMOS-compatible voltages (-0.2 V to 0.8 V) with ultra-low energy consumption (90 μW/cm²), offering a scalable solution for dynamic colour control across diverse scales, from ultrahigh pixel densities (~16,900 pixels per inch) to wafer-scale fabrication. Furthermore, PANI's bistable memory properties enable the memory-in-pixel feature, significantly reducing energy consumption compared to emissive-type displays. The successful demonstration of a passive matrix addressing system validates its potential for scalable, energy-efficient, and high-performance photonic applications.