Urban Green Space Accessibility and its Spatial Relationship with Appearance Parameters, Surface Temperature and Heat Fluxes

This study aims to assess the spatial distribution of urban green areas on a citywide scale, utilizing Moran's Index to analyze spatial correlations within the city center. The results indicate that green spaces are clustered, with a Moran's Index of 0.49 when analyzed by average integration value and 0.36 based on population distribution. Anselin Local Moran's I cluster analysis reveals that 12% of green areas in the Low-Low Cluster are co-located in regions accessed by a smaller population, while 23.3% in the High-High Cluster are located in areas accessed by a larger population. Hot-cold spot analysis determined the optimal fixed distance for urban green space to be 849.83 meters, with 29.4% of green areas having fewer than eight neighboring areas within this distance band. A similar analysis based on street integration identified 1661.15 meters as the ideal fixed distance. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of urban geometry on environmental factors by analyzing the effects of sky, building, and tree view factors (SVF, BVF, TVF) on surface temperature (LST) and heat fluxes (SHF, LHF). Notably, Heydar Aliyev Park exhibited high integration and vegetation-related values but lower LST and accessibility scores.