Assessing Urban Green Space Accessibility via a Multiple Isochrone Accessibility Index (MIAI): A Case Study in Kuwait

This study aims to evaluate spatial equity in walkable access to urban green spaces (UGSs) across Kuwait by developing a composite, geographic information system (GIS)-based metric—the multiple isochrone accessibility index (MIAI). The objective is to identify underserved districts and guide targeted planning interventions in a rapidly urbanizing, arid, and car-dependent context. The analysis focused on Kuwait’s contiguous urban area. UGSs were manually digitized via multiple high-resolution basemaps in ArcGIS Pro. Service area analysis was performed via network-based isochrone mapping at 5-, 10-, and 15-minute walking thresholds to simulate pedestrian accessibility. A composite index (MIAI) was calculated by weighting these thresholds, and spatial clustering of accessibility patterns was evaluated using Global Moran’s I. The results revealed that inner urban areas presented high UGS accessibility, whereas peripheral districts presented low access due to car-oriented planning. Moran’s I confirmed strong spatial clustering of accessibility patterns. UGSs access in Kuwait is uneven and shaped by the history of urban development. Targeted green corridors and equity-focused planning are needed to improve walkability and environmental justice.