Accuracy Assessment of Derived Ortho-photo Using Drone-Based Survey

The increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for generating orthophotos has highlighted the need for comprehensive accuracy assessments. This study assesses the accuracy of orthophotos derived using RTK survey drones and compare them with other remote sensing sources. The research focuses on a selected area of Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) in Ondo State, Nigeria, and employs a high-resolution RTK-enabled drone, DJI Phantom 4 RTK, to capture images with optimal image overlap. Ground control points (GCPs) are measured using high-precision RTK GPS, and the orthophoto is generated using photogrammetric software. The accuracy of the orthophoto ịs evaluated by comparịng the derịved coordịnates of the GCPs wịth the coordịnates obtaịned from the GNSS survey usịng Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results show that the orthophotos derived using RTK survey drones exhibit high horizontal accuracy, with a low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.039cm value indicating minimal positional errors while that of other source is 0.216cm. The results indicate that RTK-equipped drones offer substantial improvements in positional accuracy and efficiency, reducing the need for extensive ground control points (GCPs) and post-processing steps. These findings underscore the potential of RTK technology to streamline surveying workflows, particularly in inaccessible or hazardous terrains. The study concludes with recommendations for optimizing RTK drone operations and suggestions for future research directions. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in UAV-based photοgrammetry and remοte sensịng, valịdating the efficacy οf RTK technology in achieving high positional accuracy in orthophotos.