Comparison of Sound Speed from Measurements and Models in the Waters of Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi

This study aims to investigate the Sound Velocity Profile (SVP) in the waters of Bunaken National Park using advanced bathymetric survey methods to enhance the accuracy of depth measurements obtained from Multibeam Echosounder (MBES). A bathymetric survey is critical for navigation, resource management, and environmental monitoring due to providing essential data about underwater terrain. The importance of correcting MBES data is clarified using SVP, which is influenced by temperature, salinity, and pressure variations. Field observations conducted between June and September 2022 included the use of CTD instruments to measure environmental parameters, although limitations in instrument reach led to unmeasured depths. To address these gaps, SVP was modeled using empirical equations and global databases, comparing the results with in-situ measurements to assess accuracy through Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results showed significant variations in SVP across different depths, signifying the need for reliable data in hydrographic surveys. In conclusion, empirical models, particularly Leroy's equation, provided the most accurate predictions. Further investigation should be conducted to refine modeling methods and integrate comprehensive datasets. This study provided a foundation for better marine resource management and conservation strategies in the face of continual environmental changes.