Optimizing Collection and Pretreatment Methods for Cost-Effective and Low-CO 2 Emission Biomass Supply Chains

The high cost of biomass feedstock hinders the growth of the cellulosic ethanol industry, especially in regions like China where biomass is extensively dispersed. To tackle this issue, we devised a biomass supply chain model encompassing collection, pretreatment, storage, and transportation phases. We examined the effects of various collection and pretreatment method combinations on supply-chain costs and CO ₂ emissions. The model's validity was confirmed using Heilongjiang and Zhejiang as representatives of northern and southern regions. Mechanized collection with shredding-baling proved to be the most economical, costing 226.6 y/t in Heilongjiang and 217.7 y/t in Zhejiang within a 60 km collection radius. For CO ₂ emissions, mechanized collection with kneading emerged as the optimal choice. With governmental subsidies, mechanized collection with kneading became the preferred option, considering both cost and CO ₂ emissions. By incorporating agricultural cooperatives, costs were further reduced by up to 70 y/t in Heilongjiang and 65 y/t in Zhejiang. This model facilitates the cost-effective collection of straw for ethanol production in biomass-scattered China. Biomass decentralization combining collection and pretreatment methods is key to achieving site-specific biomass supply. Furthermore, the model can be adapted for acquiring biomass feedstock in other sectors and offers insights for biomass procurement in diverse regions.