Spatial Analysis of Urban Expansion and Temperature Dynamics in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area

Urbanization in Southeast Asia, particularly in India, has witnessed rapid growth driven by demographic, economic, and socio-political factors. Kolkata, as a prominent urban center, exemplifies this trend, experiencing substantial urban expansion and consequent changes in land use and land cover (LULC), leading to elevated Land Surface Temperature (LST) levels. This study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of land transformation and its influence on LST distribution in Kolkata and its suburban areas over 22 years (2000–2022). Using remote sensing and GIS techniques, we analyze Landsat data to assess LULC changes and their correlation with LST. Additionally, we examine seasonal LST variations in relation to land use characteristics, employing various spectral indices. The findings reveal significant LULC alterations, including the reduction of green spaces and the expansion of built-up areas, contributing to higher LST levels and the development of Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. This research underscores the adverse implications of escalating LST on urban environmental quality and public health. Additionally. it emphasizes the importance of environmental sustainability initiatives in urban planning to mitigate UHI impacts and enhance residents' well-being. The methodological advancements presented here hold promise for ongoing monitoring of environmental quality and urban heat dynamics, aiding future decision-making processes.