Cost and beyond: A comparative systematic literature review of the economic viability of primary cropping systems

The study aims to assess the economic viability of organic and conventional primary cropping systems through a systematic literature review based on 56 studies from the leading scientific databases, i.e., Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), published up to December 31, 2023. The main results highlight that the yields are lower in organic than in conventional farming, irrespective of the crop and agroecological conditions associated with the region. Due to substantial financial subsidies the state provides in certain geographies, cultivating organics is profitable. Further, high consumer demand in developed economies and adequate export support make them economically viable. Decisively, organic practices address ecological challenges and create a balanced approach to agricultural development, empowering farmers and rural livelihoods. By supporting studies and advancements in organic agriculture, public authorities can use region-specific policies to promote the development of technologies and methodologies, leading to higher yields, reduced environmental impact, and overall progress in the organic farming sector. The study concludes by providing research directions underlining the flaws that currently limit studies on the economic viability of comparative farming systems.